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Objective:To study the factors influencing the happiness of dementia patients and their caregivers,provide guidance for improving their well-being.Methods:A total of 94 pairs of patients and their caregivers who were admitted to the neurology department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from April 2015 to April 2016 were selected, the demographics of each patient and their caregivers were recorded. The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) of patients with dementia, Role of Overload Scale(ROS) of caregivers, Dyadic Relationship Strain(DRS), Quality of Life for Dementia(QOL-D), Self-Evaluation Scale-Depression(CES-D) were recorded. Layered linear model was used to make regression analysis between the influencing factors and the scores of QOL-D and CES-D.Results:The results of the multi-layer linear model of uncontrolled variables in the fixed effect model: the results of QOL-D suggested that the score of patients with dementia was β 1j= 31.01±0.77, and the score of caregivers was β 2j= 35.15±0.88; the results of CES-D suggested that the scores of dementia patients and caregivers were β 1j = 14.55 ± 1.03 and β 2j = 13.11 ± 1.44, respectively. The random effects model suggested that there were statistical differences in the heterogeneity of the QOL-D score and the CES-D score variance component for dementia patients and caregivers (χ 2 values were 98.94-168.06, P<0.01). It indicated that the data was heterogeneous, adjusting the level 2 model, and the final results in the adjusted regression analysis suggested: caregiver relationship pressure (DRS), dementia patient self-awareness assessment (MMSE), caregiver care-related stress (ROS), dementia patient relationship stress (DRS) significantly affected the quality of life score (QOL-D) in both well-being ( β values were -3.22-0.43, P<0.05). Dementia patient relationship stress (DRS), caregiver-related stress (ROS), and caregiver relationship stress (DRS) significantly affected depressive symptoms in both well-being ( β values were 5.34, 3.26, 1.62, P<0.05). Conclusions:A comprehensive assessment of dementia patients and caregivers is needed. The combined family relationship is tense and the pressure associated with caregivers needs to be psychologically counseled.
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Objective@#To analyze the molecular characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes strains from ready-to eat food in China.@*Methods@#A total of 239 Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from ready-to-eat food in 2017, all strains underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) , and comparisons uncovered population structure derived from lineages, clonal complex, serogroups, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence, which were inferred in silico from the WGS data. Core genome multilocus sequence typing was used to subtype isolates.@*Results@#All strains were categorized into three different lineages, lineage Ⅱ was the predominant types in food, and IIa was the main serogroups. CC8, CC101 and CC87 were the first three prevalent CCs among 23 detected CCs, accounting for 49.4%. Only 4.6% (11 isolates) of tested strains harbored antibiotic resistance genes, which were mostly trimethoprim genes (7 isolates, 2.9%). All strains were positive for LIPI-1, and only a part of strains harbored LIPI-3 and LIPI-4, accounting for 13.8% (33 isolates) and 14.2% (34 isolates), respectively. ST619 carried both LIPI-3 and LIPI-4. 51.5% (123 isolates) of strains carried SSI-1, and all CC121 strains harbored SSI-2. Different lineages, serogroups and CCs can be separated obviously through cgMLST analysis, and 24 sublineages were highly concordant with CCs.@*Conclusion@#Ⅱa was the main serogroups in ready-to-eat food isolates in China; CC8, CC101 and CC87 were the prevalent CCs, and CC87 isolates was hypervirulent isolates, cgMLST method can be adopted for prospective foodborne disease surveillance and outbreaks detection.
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Objective@#To study the contamination, serotype, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and drug resistance of listeria monocytogenes (L.monocytogenes) in the process of restaurant kitchens in Heilongjiang Province.@*Methods@#Seventeen typical restaurants were selected from three cities in Heilongjiang Province in 2016, and 590 kitchen samples were collected and tested according to the national standard method. The serotype, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and drug resistance of isolated strains were analyzed.@*Results@#L. monocytogenes was found in 104 of 590 of the samples analysed (17.63%). The isolates belong to six serotypes (1/2 a, 1/2 b, 1/2c, 3a, 3 b, 4 b) and self-condensing bacteria, and 57.38% (70 strains) of the strains belong to serotype 1/2b. Two highly pathogenic serotype 4b was detected for human listeria disease. The results of PFGE analysis show that the bacteria have cross-contamination in the environment, tools, equipment, food and personnel. The drug resistance results showed that 2 strains were resistant to tetracycline, 1 strain was resistant to erythromycin, 13 strains were intermediate to tetracycline, and 2 strains were resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin.@*Conclusion@#There is a certain degree of L. monocytogenes cross-contamination in the catering kitchen in Heilongjiang Province. And an important serotype 4b that can cause human Listeria disease was detected.
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To compare the changes of serum osteocalcin (OC), interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with different glucose tolerance and to explore their relationship to carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: According to the result of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 140 research subjects were divided into 3 groups: Normal control group, n=50, Pre-diabetes group, n=30 and T2DM group, n=60 which included in 2 subgroups:Normal carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) subgroup, n=26 and Carotid IMT thickening subgroup, n=34. Carotid IMT, serum OC, IL-18 and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting glucose, OGTT 2-hour blood glucose (2hPG), TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and insulin cell function index (HOMA-β) were measured in all subjects. Pearson correlation and multi liner regression model were conducted to analyze the relevant parameters. Results: From Normal control to Pre-diabetes to T2DM groups, serum OC was decreased and IL-18 was increased gradually, all P<0.05. OC was negatively related to HbA1c (r=-0.426), fasting glucose (r=-0.582), 2hPG (r=-0.489), HOMA-IR (r=-0.456), TC (r=-0.451) and carotid IMT (r=-0.559), all P<0.05; while positively related to HOMA-β (r=0.439), P<0.05. IL-18 was positively related to BMI (r=0.395), HbA1c (r=0.693), fasting glucose (r=0.880), 2hPG (r=0.715), HOMA-IR (r=0.667), TC (r=0.734), TG (r=0.326), LDL-C (r=0.471) and carotid IMT (r=0.857), all P<0.05; while negatively related to HOMA-β (r=-0.678), P<0.05. In T2DM group, carotid IMT was positively related to IL-18 (r=0.817), fasting glucose (r=0.415), HOMA-IR (r=0.356), TC (r=0.396) and TG (r=0.362), all P<0.05; while negatively related to OC (r=-0.588), P<0.05. Multi liner regression analysis indicated that IL-18, OC, TC and fasting glucose were the independent impact factors for carotid IMT (regression coefficients were 0.013, -0.011, 0.044 and 0.044 respectively), P<0.05. Conclusion: Serum OC and IL-18 had been involved in glucolipid metabolism and closely related to the occurrence and development of carotid atherosclerosis in T2DM patients.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a RT-PCR method for a rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella in poultry samples.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The RT-PCR method was established and its specificity was testified on the basis of invA gene. Serial 10-fold diluted pure suspension culture of CMCC 50041 was detected by RT-PCR, the standard curve was constructed and the amplification efficiency was calculated. Artificially contaminated experiment was done, six artificially-inoculated samples containing final concentration of Salmonella CMCC 50041 (1, 10, 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5) and 10(6) CFU per 25 g poultry samples) were prepared respectively. All the samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 18 h and the DNA was extracted for RT-PCR detection, meanwhile by PCR detection and the traditional method. The sensitiveness and specificity were compared among the three methods. At the same time, 16 samples of retail whole poultry were collected from markets and detected by the above three methods as well, and thereby to further compare the positive detection among the three methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The established RT-PCR method was specific for the detection of Salmonella. The sensitivity was 5.2×10(3) CFU/ml for pure Salmonella culture without enrichment. Correlation coefficients of standard curves constructed using the Ct versus log value of concentration of Salmonella showed good linearity over a 8-log dynamic range (5.2×10(3)-5.2×10(10) CFU/ml), with the R(2) at 0.999. RT-PCR detection limit for artificially contaminated samples after enriching for 12 h was 1 CFU/25 g sample, which was the same with the limit of PCR and 10 times more sensitive than the limit of traditional method. Standard curve of sample after enrichment for 12 h was established. Seven of 16 samples were detected positive by RT-PCR, which were also tested positive by PCR, while only five samples were positive by traditional method. The positive ones were quantitatively analyzed using standard curve of sample and determined the initial Salmonella numbers of CFU/25 g.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The established RT-PCR technology was simple, rapid, sensitive and specific, which was suitable to quickly detect Salmonella in poultry samples.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacterial Proteins , Food Microbiology , Poultry , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Methods , Salmonella , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the phenetic and genetic features of clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from 2007-2009 in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 135 clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, isolated from Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangxi, Liaoning Provinces during 2007 to 2009, were selected for the research. The occurrence of virulence genes thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin (trh), species-specific genes thermolabile hemolysin (tlh), toxR, VPM and gyrB, the pandemic clone gene markers(GS-PCR, PGS-PCR, orf8 and HU-α) in 135 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains was detected by PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibilities to eight antimicrobial agents of the experimental strains were determined by the broth microdilution method. All strains were serotyped and underwent the cluster analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoreses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results of PCR methods claim that all experiment strains carry species-specific genes such as tlh, toxR, gyrB, VPM. Among clinical strains, 85.9% (116/135) carry tdh and/or trh. 85.2% (115/135) were positive for tdh, and 3.0% (4/135) were positive for trh; while 3 strains carried both.66.7% (90/135) , 80.7% (109/135) , 65.2% (88/135) , 66.7% (90/135) clinical strains carried the genes of GS-PCR, PGS-PCR, orf8, HU-α, respectively. The results of antibiotics susceptibility test showed that 8.1% (11/135) strains were resistant to at least one agent, including 9 strains were resistant to ampicillin, 2 strains were resistant to trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole, and 1 strain were resistant to tetracycline. All clinical strains were sensitive to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and chloromycetin.Serological analysis of the O and K antigens claimed that a total of 29 serotypes were identified for clinical strains, predominantly O3, O4 and O1 groups, accounting for 89.6% (121/135). O3: K6 was dominant serotype, accounting for 56.3% (76/135). The pandemic flora in China included O3: K6, O4: K68, O1: K36, O1: K25, O1: K5 and O3: K29 serotypes.Genomic DNAs of 135 clinical strains were digested with SfiI and NotI, the molecular size of PFGE restriction fragments used for analysis mainly ranged from 30-700 kb.When subjected to UPGMA clustering, 6 and 9 clusters were grouped by SfiI and NotI, and the minimal similarity was 52.6% and 58.7%, and pandemic flora were located in C groups and D group, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Most of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from clinical sources in China were pathogenic. The pandemic clone, especially O3: K6 was prevalent. The GS-PCR and HU-α genes were reliable markers to identify the pandemic flora. The serotype by PFGE was reliable to distinguish the pandemic flora and the sporadic strains.</p>